UL 3

Ultralight aircraft pilot training syllabus

Text as of: 04. 12. 2008

CHANGE SHEET

Content

TITLE 1. - INTRODUCTORY PROVISIONS
TITLE 2. – THEORETICAL PREPARATION FOR PILOT QUALIFICATION
TITLE 3. – PILOT QUALIFICATION SCHEME
TITLE 4. – PRACTICAL TRAINING FOR PILOT QUALIFICATION
TITLE 5. – EXAMINATION FOR OBTAINING PILOT QUALIFICATIONS
TITLE 6. – RE-TRAINING FOR A DIFFERENT TYPE
TITLE 7. – INSTRUCTOR QUALIFICATION TRAINING
TITLE 8. – VFR CONTROLLED FLIGHT QUALIFICATION TRAINING
TITLE 9. – TEST PILOT QUALIFICATION TRAINING
TITLE 10. – TRAINING FOR ELEVATOR QUALIFICATION
TITLE 11. – TRAINING FOR THE QUALIFICATION OF THE LAUNCHER
TITLE 12. – EVALUATION AND RECORDS OF TRAINING
TITLE 13. – TRAINING RELIEF
TITLE 14. - APPENDICES

TITLE 1. INTRODUCTORY PROVISIONS

1.1. This training syllabus for the pilot of an ultralight aircraft (hereinafter referred to as ULL) determines the content, sequence, methodology of preparation and training for ULL. The use of the training curriculum by other operators is possible only with the consent of the LAA CR.

1.2. This training syllabus is binding for all students, pilots, instructors and traffic inspectors who conduct or conduct flight training under the authority of the LAA CR.

1.3. An ultralight aircraft intended for dual-manned flight training must have full dual controls and minimal instrumentation: speedometer, altimeter, variometer, inclinometer, compass, engine tachometer and on-board intercom. The aircraft must be approved for training by the LAA CR technician inspector.

1.4. ULL must have a valid technical license issued by the LAA of the Czech Republic and take out liability insurance for damages caused by operation.

1.5. The student must be enrolled in training at the age of 15, and a pilot's license can be issued at the age of 16. For persons under the age of 18, the written consent of both parents or legal guardians is required. Individual flights can be made after reaching the age of 16.

1.6. A condition for starting practical training is a valid 2nd class health certificate.

1.7. Training can be carried out in pilot training centers or individually by an instructor after approval by the traffic inspector. In the personal sheet, it is necessary to indicate in which center the training took place, for individual training, the written consent of the relevant traffic inspector is required in the personal sheet before the practical training begins. This traffic inspector will then conduct a pilot test.

1.8. The instructor conducting the training is responsible for following the procedures of the training curriculum.

1.9. The person in charge of the relevant pilot training center is responsible for compliance with the conditions set by regulation LA 1, the training curriculum, for the maintenance of the SFD, for the fulfillment of binding regulations and for keeping the documentation of the pilot training center.

1.10. Training within the pilot training center must be documented in the pilot training center's main flight book. It must include each flight with at least the following details: flight date, SFD type, SFD license plate, crew names, flight time, number of take-offs, exercises.

1.11. The flight logbook must be archived for the duration of the operation or validity of the pilot training center's authorization.

1.12. The instructor conducting the training must have available?

1) teaching aids and publications for training,
2) LAA CR regulations:

a. LA 1,
b. LA 2,
c. LA 3-

3) flying rules L 2, UL 1,
4) UL 3 training syllabus,
5) a map of the Czech Republic with valid flight information,
6) Act No. 49/1997 Coll., and Decree No. 108/1997 Coll. to the necessary extent and valid wording.

1.13. During the practical training, he must have available:

1) means for providing first aid,
2) telephone for calling medical assistance,
3) extinguishing agents,
4) wind direction and force indicator,

1.14. The instructor keeps training documentation in the form of a personal sheet during the training.

1.15. Before starting practical training, the student must be familiar with ULL at least to the following extent:

1) technical description,
2) flight manual,
3) operation and maintenance,
4) pre-flight inspection,
5) on-board training,
6) important actions,
7) emergency procedures.

1.16. When evaluating students in the practical part of the training, instructors are required to use the following grading scale:

1 - excellent - no errors,
2 – very good – minor errors corrected correctly and on time,
3 - good - errors are corrected,
4 - insufficiently - errors corrected late or not at all.

The instructor allows the student to proceed to the next exercise according to the syllabus only if the student manages the previous exercise.

1.17. The number of flights and hours in the training curriculum are minimal. The actual number of flights will be decided by the instructor based on mastering the required habits and skills of the student.

1.18. Before each practical exercise of the training curriculum containing new elements, the instructor performs ground preparation with the student to such an extent that the student's perfect understanding of the exercise is ensured. Or whenever the instructor deems it necessary.

1.19. The student can fly for a maximum of 4 hours during one flight day.

1.20. A maximum of 2 instructors can participate in the practical training of the student.

1.21. The student may not perform solo flights without the supervision of an instructor.

1.22. A student may not participate in more than one type of flight training at the same time.

1.23. The final test is carried out by the traffic inspector.

1.24. An instructor conducting training at an airport with an AFIS service must hold a valid aeronautical mobile service radio operator certificate.

1.25. The training is carried out in the sequence determined by these training curricula.

1.26. The training is conducted by an instructor with a valid license issued by the LAA of the Czech Republic.

1.27. The student's first solo flight is authorized by the instructor who led his training and has a comprehensive overview of the student's state of knowledge and abilities. The student must make the first independent flight on the day of the test, max. 1 hour after the test flight. On the day of the first solo flight, the student may make a maximum of 3 solo flights.

1.28. Operation during training is organized according to UL-1 Procedures. The instructor is responsible for compliance. Acquaintance with the operational regulations of the area or the airport regulations is part of the pre-flight and ground preparation before starting the practical training. The instructor is responsible for carrying out sufficient ground and pre-flight preparation.

1.29. If the student does not manage the specified exercises even after three times the minimum number of flights and hours, the instructor is obliged to ask the traffic inspector to check the student, who will determine the next procedure of the student's training.

1.30. The student must undergo a check flight before the next independent flight after a break in flying longer than 8 days or whenever the instructor deems it appropriate.

1.31. Students who have practical experience of flying at MZK must complete extended ground training under the guidance of an instructor before starting the practical training course to acquire the ability to safely control the sense of ULL control deviations. Without verification of this ability, the instructor may not start practical training.

1.32. Meteorological conditions during training must correspond to the conditions of VFR flights according to Procedures UL-1 and the flight manual of the given aircraft. For the first independent flight, the visibility must be at least 5 km, the cloud base at least 500 m and the wind up to 3 m/sec with a maximum deviation of 30° from the VPD axis in the direction against take-off. Individual navigation flights can be conducted with visibility of at least 8 km in stable weather without the possibility of showers or thunderstorms. During the entire training, the instructor is responsible for assessing the suitability of meteorological conditions for the given level of training.

1.33. During pilot training up to and including pilot tests, the type of training aircraft may not be changed. In the event that it is impossible to continue training on the original type, training on the new type can be completed after familiarization with the ULL and retraining on the type.

1.34. The practical part of the training can only be started after completing at least 21 hours of theoretical instruction, of which 6 hours of Aerodynamics and Flight Mechanics, 2 hours ULL Building and Construction, 6 hours UL Aviation Regulations and Procedures, 2 hours Air Navigation, 2 hours Aviation Meteorology, 2 hours Engines, propellers, instruments, 1 hour Connecting regulation. The instructor is responsible for verifying and confirming the minimum knowledge of the listed subjects.

1.35. The area for conducting practical training must have minimum dimensions of 35 x 400 meters. If the ULL Flight Manual does not specify greater.

1.36. An applicant with a ULL Pilot qualification, or a student who holds a valid Restricted Aviation Mobile Service radiotelephone operator license or a general RTF license can be included in the training to obtain the VFR Controlled Flight qualification.

1.37. During practical training, the student pilot always occupies the seat designated by the flight manual of the relevant ULL type as the pilot's seat.

TITLE 2. THEORETICAL PREPARATION FOR PILOT QUALIFICATION

2.1. Theoretical preparation is the first part of ULL pilot training. It is carried out by an instructor or lecturers with adequate knowledge of the given subject. Participation in this training is evaluated and recorded by the instructor leading the training in the student's personal sheet. The sequence of theoretical preparation must be such that a correct understanding of the material of the given subject is always ensured.

2.2. Required scope of theoretical teaching:

2.3. Areas of required knowledge:

2.3.1. Aerodynamics and flight mechanics

1) Formation of aerodynamic forces when bodies are wrapped around.
2) Laminar and turbulent flow.
3) Continuity equation, Bernoulli equation, static, dynamic and total pressure.
4) Which devices work based on the Bernoulli equation.
5) Formation of lift on the airfoil, critical angle of attack and separation of streamlines on the wing.
6) Draw the airfoil pressure distribution in normal flight.
7) Total resistance and its components: shape, induced, interference, friction and harmful.
8) What is resistance overcome in motorized and non-motorized aircraft.
9) What is the contribution of the negative pressure above the wing and the pressure above the wing to the total lift.
10) What is boundary layer.
11) Types of profiles, their properties and use in aircraft construction.
12) Means of increasing lift on the wing.
13) The characteristic shape of the curve of the dependence of the coefficient of lift on the resistance on the angle of attack.
14) Aerodynamic tunnel, diagram, meaning, methods of measuring values.
15) Polar profile, wings and airplane.
16) Velocity pole of the glider.
17) Aerodynamic and geometric twisting of the wing, separation of the current on the wing.
18) Static and dynamic, longitudinal and lateral stability.
19) Geometric characteristics of the wing, plan shape, properties.
20) Center of gravity of the aircraft, center of gravity supply, influence of centering on flight characteristics.
21) Airplane control, types of rudders, functions, advantages and disadvantages.
22) Balance of forces in steady horizontal powered flight, climb and gliding flight.
23) Propeller aerodynamics – modes, revolutions, flight speed, pitch, number of blades, average efficiency.
24) The difference between the work of a fixed and adjustable propeller, the reaction and gyroscopic moment of the propeller.
25) Individual phases of takeoff and landing.
26) Influence of take-off weight, altitude, temperature, wind direction on aircraft performance and required VPD length.
27) Balance of forces in a steady horizontal turn.
28) Slip and slip turn.
29) Load multiplier, flight envelopes, operational and numerical loads, safety factor.
30) Piloting technique in individual flight modes, fall arrest, max. speed, slide, corkscrew, spiral.

2.3.2. Building and construction

1) ULL construction materials.
2) Requirements for the quality of materials for the construction of ULL.
3) Types of stress on individual parts of the ULL structure.
4) Material fatigue and wear of the main parts of the structure.
5) Use of types of material in ULL construction, advantages, disadvantages.
6) Types of landing gear and their construction.
7) Fuel systems, functions, designs and their parts.
8) Filling ULL with fuel and safety measures.
9) Electrical installation in ULL.
10) Certificates and tests of strength, used during the construction of ULL in LAA CR.
11) Construction supervision during the construction of ULL in LAA CR.
12) Scope of documentation for the construction of an individual ULL and for its operation.
13) Types of licenses issued by the LAA CR register, their extension and loss of validity.
14) Use of hydraulic systems, basic principle of operation.
15) Engine test, handling with ULL, disassembly and assembly, parking, mooring.

2.3.3. Aviation Regulations, Procedures

1) Who can fly to ULL in the Czech Republic.
2) Conditions for obtaining and renewing a ULL pilot's license.
3) Types of qualifications for flying with ULL and their acquisition.
4) Responsibility for compliance with the conditions for ULL flights.
5) Obtaining information by the pilot for the safe execution of the flight.
6) Breakdown and procedure of training according to UL-3.
7) Altitude and space limitations for ULL flights without a schedule.
8) Rules for avoiding, preventing collisions.
9) Interpretation of the terms ATZ, CTR, TMA, AFIS, LKR, LKP, TRA, TSA and flights in these areas.
10) Classification of the airspace of the Czech Republic.
11) Types of prohibited and restricted spaces and their activation.
12) Types of markings on the airport and VPD signage area.
13) ULL operation according to regulation L 2.
14) Practice with AIP, NOTAM, Aviation Circular, basic abbreviations, Aviation Act 49/1997 Coll., Decree – 108/1997 Coll.
15) Meteorological limits for flights with ULL.
16) Conditions for VFR flight according to UL-1.
17) Regulations LA-1, LA-2, LA 3.
18) Conditions for ULL arrival at an airport with AFIS.
19) ULL pre-flight inspection.
20) Starting the ULL engine.
21) Selection of the flight route, going around and flying over obstacles.
22) Separate ULL operation, surface parameters and obstacle planes.
23) Traffic control, the right to withdraw the ULL pilot's license.
24) Procedures for setting the altimeter.
25) Conditions of use of the radio station in ULL air traffic.
26) Level, visibility, flight visibility.
27) Joint operation of ULL and other aircraft at AFIS airport.
28) Types of airports in the Czech Republic.
29) Basic conditions of ULL eligibility according to UL-2, part I.
30) Airlift and winch operation.
31) Airborne flights and helicopter flights.
32) Signaling of the starter - flags.

2.3.4. Air navigation

1) Shape and dimensions of the globe, parallels and meridians.
2) Latitude and longitude, types of navigation while flying.
3) Time zones on the ground, use of time in aviation, UTC, CET, SEL.
4) Sunrise and sunset - shift in seasons.
5) Large and small circles on the ground.
6) Loxodroma and orthodroma.
7) Maps – scales, types of display of the topographical situation.
8) Comparative navigation.
9) Navigation preparation, calculation of times and speeds, wind effects.
10) Compass – its use, principle, deviation, declination, magnetic and geographical course.
11) Isogones, agones.
12) Solution of vector triangle.
13) Procedures in case of loss of orientation.
14) Action radius, its definition and detection.

2.3.5. Aviation meteorology

1) Earth's atmosphere, composition, vertical division.
2) Pressure, temperature and air density, course with height.
3) Pressure formations, air mass circulation.
4) Cold and warm front, occlusion, stationary front.
5) Wind, formation, speed, measurement, turbulence and lee.
6) Eddy, autogyro, wave flow and its dangers for ULL flights.
7) Formation of storms, danger to flying.
8) Types of clouds and types of clouds and their significance for flying.
9) Quantities measured during meteorological output, graph.
10) Saturated and unsaturated air mass, dew point.
11) Conditions for the formation of icing, critical places.
12) Determination of visibility, phenomena affecting visibility.
13) Basic meteorological abbreviations and codes.
14) Aviation meteorological forecasts, their names and meaning.
15) Importance of knowledge of meteorology for flying.

2.3.6. Engines, propellers, instruments

1) Two-stroke and four-stroke engine duty cycle.
2) Composition and preparation of the mixture sucked into the cylinders.
3) Two-stroke and four-stroke engine lubrication methods.
4) Methods of cooling petrol engines.
5) Types of ignition of gasoline engines.
6) Carburetor – principle, advantages and disadvantages.
7) Fuel injection - types, principle, advantages and disadvantages.
8) Fuel systems, types, description, advantages and disadvantages.
9) Characteristic failures of engines in ULL and their causes.
10) Effects on performance, reliability and lifetime of engines used in ULL.
11) Storing the engine in the ULL structure - the necessity of securing the parts before falling into the propeller.
12) Engine controls in ULL.
13) Importance of warming up the engine before take-off.
14) Types of reducers, meaning, advantages and disadvantages.
15) Fixed propeller - construction, materials, advantages and disadvantages.
16) Propeller that can be set on the ground - construction, materials, functions, advantages and disadvantages.
17) Propeller adjustable in flight - construction, functions, advantages and disadvantages.
18) Propeller balancing, influence, meaning, measurement.
19) Gyroscopic and propeller reaction moment.
20) Types of stress on the propeller in flight.
21) Propeller attachment principles.
22) Aviation instruments and their distribution.
23) Measurement of static and total pressure, Pitot and Venturi tubes.
24) Principles of speedometers, types, description of construction and operations.
25) Principle of the altimeter, description of construction, adjustment to the given pressure.
26) Principles of variometers, types, description of construction and operation.
27) Principle and construction of a magnetic compass, errors and their compensation.
28) Principle and construction of relative transverse inclinometer and flywheel tachometer.

2.3.7. Connecting regulation

1) Radiotelephone connection, voice, speech, spelling alphabet, transmission of numbers.
2) Words and phrases.
3) Telling time.
4) Establishing and terminating a radio connection.
5) Test broadcast, readability scale.
6) Blind broadcast, priority order.
7) Call signs of air stations and aircraft.
8) Abbreviated aircraft call signs, corrections and repetitions.
9) Emergency procedures, frequencies, emergency and emergency radio traffic.
10) Operation of an aircraft in distress, operation of other aircraft.
11) Imposing silence, canceling distress.

TITLE 3. PRACTICAL TRAINING SCHEME FOR PILOT QUALIFICATION

TITLE 4. PRACTICAL TRAINING FOR PILOT QUALIFICATION

4.1. Exercises. 1.: Familiarization flight.

Minimum flight altitude is 1000 ft / 300 m AGL.
Practice methodology:

Instruktor introduces the student to the behavior of the aircraft in various flight modes, the shape and size of the circuit and important landmarks around the airport when flying around the circuit and in space. He demonstrates and comments to the student on individual controls, control of flaps, changes in flight speed and the aircraft's response to them.
The familiarization flight is not evaluated by the instructor.

4.2. Exercises. 2.: Direct flight, rudder function.

Minimum flight altitude is 1000 ft / 300 m AGL.
Practice methodology:

Instruktor demonstrates to the student the effects of the rudders on the control of the aircraft. It acquaints the student with the size of deflections needed to keep the aircraft in straight flight, and also demonstrates the effects of longitudinal balance, flaps and the aircraft's response to engine mode changes. The training is carried out in climb, horizon and descent modes.
Disciple tries, according to the instructor's instructions, to keep the airplane using the rudders in straight flight in the given modes.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple is capable of keeping the aircraft in straight flight without significant fluctuations in speed, pitch and altitude.

4.3. Exercises. 3.: Turns with an inclination of up to 15°.

Minimum flight altitude is 1000 ft / 300 m AGL.
Practice methodology:

Instruktor demonstrates to the student the correct execution of turns with a slight incline. Disciple tries to execute turns correctly and end them in the specified direction. At the same time, he tries not to fluctuate the flight speed, tilt and that the ball of the transverse inclinometer is in the central position during the turn. Part of the exercise is practicing making turns in given directions using a compass. Before each turn, the student performs a visual check of the space in which he wants to make the turn.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple independently performs turns with a small inclination in the given directions without significant fluctuations height, speed and tilt, with the ball of the transverse inclinometer in the central position, including entering and ending the turn.

4.4. Exercises. 4.: Turns with an inclination of up to 45°.

Minimum flight altitude is 1000 ft / 300 m – 1600 ft / 500 m AGL, must not be less than 1000 ft / 300 m AGL.
Practice methodology:

Instruktor will demonstrate to the student the correct execution of sharp turns. It warns of the need to increase the engine speed before entering a turn. In particular, he warns the student about the danger of losing speed in a corner. The instructor pays attention to the sequence of interventions when entering a turn, its comparison, draws attention to the danger of falling into a corkscrew or going into a spiral. He discusses the selection of the corkscrew and spiral only in theory during pre-flight preparation. Taking into account the excess power of the given aircraft, the student practices descending, horizontal and ascending turns. He makes sure that before each turn the student makes a visual check of the freedom of the space into which he wants to make the turn. Disciple performs a check of the freedom of space, practices sharp turns with a specified inclination, speed, position of the ball and aligns sharp turns in the specified direction. Makes transitions from one sharp turn to another.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple independently performs sharp turns in given directions, transitions from one sharp turn to another - figure eight.

4.5. Exercises. 5.: Take-off, circuit flight and landing practice.

Circling altitude is 500 ft / 150 m to 1000 ft / 300 m AGL.
Practice methodology:

Instruktor will show the student the correct piloting during take-off, circling and landing. In particular, it focuses on performing a takeoff, obtaining the correct speed for the climb, the shape of the circle, the height of the flight in individual parts of the circuit, performing the correct landing budget without the need for further adjustments to the angle of descent with the help of the engine. When performing the budget, it draws the student's attention to the effect of wind, the length of the VPD, the possibility of ground turbulence and other effects that must be taken into account for the correct estimation of landing conditions. It reminds the student of the need to maintain the speed up to the leveling height, so that it is not necessary to make further corrections with the engine during the leveling. It alerts the student to the reduction in the effectiveness of the rudders due to lower flight speed. Disciple practice take-off, climb, circling, budget, landing and gliding take-off. The first and fourth turns are performed at a minimum altitude of 330 ft / 100 m AGL with a bank of 15°. The second and third turns are made at a minimum altitude of 500 ft / 150 m to 1000 ft / 300 m AGL with a bank of 30°.
Practice a flying take-off from the leveling point.
The last ten take-offs depart at a foreign airport.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple it can independently handle take-off, circuit flight, budget, landing and important operations.

4.6. Exercises. 6.: Glide, fall prevention, flight speed.

Flight altitude 1000 ft / 300 m to 1600 ft / 500 m AGL.
Practice methodology:

Instruktor will show the student glides, fall arrest in straight flight, in a 30° turn and maximum flight speed. It warns the student about the danger of transitioning from a slip turn to a corkscrew, from a slip turn to a spiral and their removal. The instructor makes sure that the student thoroughly practices the slide, as the main conditions for mastering the budget during an emergency landing in a confined space. End the slide practice for the final at a safe height above the ground. Furthermore, the student repeats the piloting exercise in the entire range at the speed of the airplane. It focuses on controlling the aircraft at low flight speeds. Flight at minimum safe speed at different engine outputs, flaps extended and retracted. When flying at the maximum permitted speed, he makes sure to use a maximum of 1/3 of the rudder deflection. Disciple practices left, right glide, stall arrests and flights at the full range of speeds specified in the flight manual.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple manages to put the ULL into glide, maintain speed, heading and level the aircraft into straight flight. Flight at the minimum safe speed, at different engine outputs and flap deflections - the airplane must not fall. At maximum flight speed, the student uses 1/3 of the rudder deflection with feeling.

4.7. Exercises. 7th: Fixes for incorrect budget and landing.

Practice methodology:

Instruktor will demonstrate to the pupil the correction of long and short budget, activities for the correction of high alignment, floating, rebound. Lets the student intentionally make long and short budgets and correct them. The instructor will perform a deliberate high undercut, float and bounce to the student and let the student correct them. Disciple fixes long and short budget, high underline, float, bounce.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple it is capable of independently correcting erroneous budget as well as high understatement, bounce and float.

4.8. Exercises. 8th: Safety landing practice.

Practice methodology:

Instruktor the student exercises on a suitably selected area in the field with the engine running. The instructor evaluates the correctness of the selection of the surface and the correctness of the maneuver performed by the student. When practicing a safety landing, it is allowed to inspect the area in a fly-by after a previous evaluation of the slope of the terrain and obstacles at a height not lower than 20 m AGL. Disciple performs a selection, inspection of the area and a landing maneuver at the instruction of the instructor, at the end of which he does not land on the area, but at the instruction of the instructor at a safe height above the ground, he interrupts the maneuver by adding gas.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple is able to correctly select a suitable area and safely perform its inspection, landing budget using engine power.

4.9. Exercises. 9th: Emergency landing practice.

Flight altitude to start training is 1000 ft / 300 m to 1600 ft / 500 m AGL.
Practice methodology:

Instruktor in the space between LA 2nd and 4th circuit turns, the student will pull back the throttle and budget so that he lands on the VPD without further use of the engine. Disciple after withdrawing the throttle or turning off the engine, it makes a budget to 1/3 of the area and lands. In doing so, the instructor withdraws the gas and does not inform the student in advance of the moment of withdrawal of the gas. At least the last three flights out of the specified minimum of 15 flights must be performed with the engine completely shut down. The instructor is responsible for the safety of the assignment, especially with regard to the flight height, the position of the aircraft on the circuit, the direction and strength of the wind and other operating conditions.
After mastering the emergency landing at the airport, the instructor and the student will fly in the area outside the airport circuit. The instructor reduces engine power to idle without prior notice. Disciple reacts to a simulated engine shutdown, selects an area for landing, performs a budget and approach to a targeted area on which it does not land.
The instructor must end the training at a minimum height of 50 m AGL.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple correctly budgets to the specified portion of the VPD without using engine power. It is capable of safely controlling the aircraft, budgeting and landing in engine-off flight. He correctly decides to use the slide to adjust the budget.
When flying in space, he is able to select a suitable area and make the correct budget for it.

4.10. Exercises. 10th: Crosswind landing.

Practice methodology:

Instruktor the student will practice landing with a crosswind at the maximum force allowed for the given type of aircraft. It focuses on the elimination of drift. After mastering the axis of descent, the student adds the practice of slightly stepping on the rudder in the final phase of the landing so that the aircraft lands parallel to the VPD. It will explain to the student the misalignment of the aircraft relative to the VPD axis depending on the size of the side wind component. Disciple practices elimination of wind drift during descent, alignment, dismount and in paddock.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple it is able to correctly hold the descent direction for a crosswind landing and eliminate wind drift during leveling, landing and in the run-out.

4.11. Exercises. 11.: Flight with covered instruments.

Practice methodology:

Instruktor the student repeats the behavior of the airplane at different flight speeds and performs a flight with the student with the instruments covered. Disciple must maintain the speed in a safe range even without the help of instruments, especially its reserve during descent and landing. He must be able to make correct turns without an aileron control and must correctly determine whether the aircraft is climbing or descending.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple controls the airplane while flying around the circuit without the use of instruments.

4.12. Exercises. 12.: Check before the first independent flight.

Methodology:

Instruktor the student will perform a check flight, during which the focus will be on checking the student's ability to control the aircraft in all flight modes. In particular, he pays attention to the execution of take-off, roll-off, maintaining airspeed, performing turns, flying at lower speeds, correct budgeting, correct and complete alignment, and mastering the airplane run-out and stop. During the test flight, the instructor will check the student's reaction to engine shutdown. If during this flight he evaluates the student in all the listed elements with a grade no worse than 2, i.e. very good, he will allow the student to take the first independent flight. Before this solo flight, the student will discuss all the differences in the behavior of the airplane when manned solo, especially drawing attention to the greater surplus of power, evident during take-off and climb, and to a different landing profile with longer endurance and lower stall speed. Furthermore, the instructor will draw the student's attention to the action when the engine is shut down in all phases of the circuit flight. If the student shows signs of stress and uncertainty before the first solo flight, the instructor will assign another flight in a double. The student's uncertainty is usually caused by a poor mastery of some element of the technique of piloting an airplane. The first independent flight is generally permitted on the aircraft with which the student completed training and no later than one hour after the end of the test flight.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple it can take off, circle and land.

4.13. Exercises. 13th: Independent flight around the circuit.

Practice methodology:

After completing the test flight performed by the student take-off and circle flight according to the instructions of the instructor, who monitors the flight and evaluates the ground. If there are no obvious piloting errors during this flight, the instructor will allow two more flights of this exercise. Radio communication between instructor and student is recommended.
Terms of fulfillment: Rating 1 to 2 according to the scale.

4.14. Exercises. 14th: Control flight around the circuit.

Practice methodology:

After successfully completing three separate flights of the previous exercise instructor with student control flight, during which he verifies the acquisition of correct habits in the student's piloting technique. It alerts the student to piloting errors, maintaining the flight height, the shape of the circuit, or other deviations and inaccuracies.
Terms of fulfillment: Rating 1 to 2 in all elements.

4.15. Exercises. 15th: Independent flight around the circuit.

Practice methodology:

Disciple he will make fifteen separate flights around the circuit, which serve to consolidate habits in the technique of piloting and performing circuits. Radio contact with an instructor on the ground who monitors and evaluates flights is recommended.
Terms of fulfillment: Rating 1 to 2 in all elements.

4.16. Exercises. 16.: Turns with an inclination of 15° to 45°.

Flight altitude 1000 ft / 300 m to 1600 ft / 500 m AGL.
Practice methodology:

Disciple he will independently repeat the practice of performing turns with inclinations of 15 to 45 degrees, turns in the given directions using a compass and figures of eight in the area outside the airport circuit, but under the supervision of the instructor, who evaluates the performance of the practice on the ground. After completing the training, he will enter the circuit and land according to the instructions given by the instructor. Radio connection recommended.
Terms of fulfillment: Rating 1 to 2 in all elements.

4.17. Exercises. 17.: Fall prevention, slide.

Flight altitude 1000 ft / 300 m to 1600 ft / 500 m AGL.
Practice methodology:

Disciple will independently repeat fall prevention exercises and slides. The training is carried out outside the perimeter of the airport in the area designated by the instructor. End practice glides for finals at a minimum height of 170 ft / 50 m AGL.
Radio communication with the instructor who monitors and evaluates the training is recommended.
Terms of fulfillment: Rating 1 to 2 in all elements.

4.18. Exercises. 18th: Budget exercise.

Practice methodology:

Landing budget training is performed disciple separately to the airport area according to the instructor's instructions, by lowering the throttle at the specified location and altitude on the circuit and performing the budget up to 1/3 VPD without further use of engine power, including landing. Instruktor is responsible for the safety of the assignment with regard to the flight height and the position of the aircraft on the circuit, the direction and strength of the wind, the possibility of undercooling the engine during descent and the operating conditions at the airport. The student exercises the budget, including the use of slides. If the budget is executed incorrectly, the student interrupts the exercise at a safe flight height by adding gas and repeats the exercise until mastered. Radio connection recommended.
Terms of fulfillment: Disciple performs a separate landing budget to 1/3 VPD without descent angle corrections
using engine power.

4.19. Exercises. 19th: Navigation flight 200 km.

Flight height 1000 ft / 300 m AGL, minimum flight visibility 8 km.
A navigational flight along a triangular route with a stopover at two foreign airports with a minimum length of 200 km and a minimum duration of 2 hours and 5 minutes. All conditions must be met. If the on-board radio station is used during navigation training, make at least one flight (takeoff and landing) to an airport where the AFIS service is provided.
Practice methodology:

Instruktor gives the student a route with a stopover at a foreign airport. Disciple independently, under the supervision of an instructor, complete navigation preparation for flight along the specified route. Instruktor evaluates the preparation and performs the flight together with the student, while not interfering with piloting or navigation. The condition for completing the task is the student's ability to pilot safely and at the same time correctly navigate the route, approach and land at a foreign airport. In case of loss of orientation or major deviations from the planned flight path, the flight must be evaluated as incomplete. The fuel supply must be such as to allow the planned flight to be carried out and continued for another 20 minutes.
Terms of fulfillment: Rating 1 to 2 in piloting and navigation techniques.

4.20. Exercises. 20th: Navigation flight 100 km.

Flight height 1000 ft / 300 m AGL, minimum flight visibility 8 km.
A navigational flight of 100 km along a triangular route with a stopover at a foreign airport, with a minimum length of 100 km and a minimum duration of 1 hour. All conditions must be met.
Practice methodology:

Instruktor gives the student a route with a stopover at a foreign airport. Disciple performs navigation preparation, which the instructor evaluates. Disciple performs a navigation flight with an instructor according to preparation. Instruktor checks compliance with calculated times and course. The fuel supply must be such as to allow the planned flight to be carried out and continued for another 20 minutes.
Terms of fulfillment: Rating 1 to 2 in piloting and navigation techniques.

4.21. Exercises. 21th: Navigation flight 100 km.

Flight altitude 1000 ft / 300 m AGL. Minimum flight visibility of 8 km, without the possibility of showers or storms A navigational solo flight of 100 km along a triangular route with a stopover at a foreign airport, with a minimum length of 100 km and a minimum duration of 1 hour. All conditions must be met.
Practice methodology:

Instruktor gives the student a route with a stopover at a foreign airport. The assignment is the same as exercise no. 20. The only change is that the student performs this flight independently. The instructor checks the correctness and completeness of the student's navigation preparation and allows the flight to be carried out. It is not possible to plan a stopover on an area where the presence of trained personnel is not ensured. The fuel supply must be such as to allow the planned flight to be carried out and continued for another 20 minutes. The planned landing time must be at least 30 minutes before sunset.
Terms of fulfillment: Rating 1 to 2 in piloting and navigation techniques.

TITLE 5. PILOT QUALIFICATION EXAMINATION

5.1. The exam can be taken after completion of theoretical and practical training. The theoretical part of the test can be performed at any time during the training, but first after the first solo flight. The theoretical exam is valid for 90 days. After the validity has expired, the theory test must be repeated. The test is conducted by a traffic inspector whose share did not exceed 50% of the practical training.

5.1.1 Theories

By an approved test at a designated test center. The result of the theory test will be confirmed by the ULL operation inspector in the pupil's personal sheet. The theoretical part precedes the practical. In case of failure, the test can be repeated after 14 days at the earliest

5.1.2. Practice

The practical part of the exam is carried out after successful completion of the theoretical part of the exam confirmed in the pupil's personal sheet during the period of validity of the theoretical exam. The practical test must contain at least 3 flights in double with a minimum duration of 35 min.
1st flight with the traffic inspector in the area, during which the examiner verifies the level of the student's piloting technique in the scope of the exercises prescribed by the training curriculum.
2nd and 3rd flights with a traffic inspector, during which the examiner verifies the level of piloting technique while flying around the circuit. In one of them landing with the engine off.

5.1.3. The theoretical and practical part of the exam can be repeated a maximum of 4 times. In the event that the maximum number of attempts is exhausted, the applicant will be assigned the necessary scope of additional training.

5.1.4. Terms of fulfillment

Rating 1 to 3 in the practical part of the exam, in the theoretical part the prescribed number of points achieved. The traffic inspector records the result of the test in the pupil's personal sheet.

TITLE 6. RE-TRAINING FOR A DIFFERENT TYPE

6.1. A pilot who holds a valid ULL pilot's license or a student who changes the training ULL can be included in the training. An airplane pilot, commercial pilot, transport pilot, military pilot, motor glider pilot and ultralight motor glider pilot will take the full ULL pilot test after retraining.

6.2. Traffic inspectors and ULL test pilots can retrain to another type themselves.

6.3. Before starting the practical part of the retraining, the pilot or student must be familiarized with ULL at least to the following extent:

1) technical description,
2) flight manual,
3) operation and maintenance,
4) pre-flight inspection,
5) on-board training,
6) important actions,
7) emergency procedures.
The instructor is responsible for verifying the pilot's or student's knowledge.

6.4. The retraining of a ULL pilot to another type of ULL is carried out by an instructor who is retrained to the given type, or by a test pilot. The retrainer is responsible for determining the scope of the theoretical and practical part of the retraining so that the condition of safe handling of the new type by the pilot is observed. For single-seat ULLs, it is necessary to first perform a check flight with an instructor on a two-seat training ULL. On based on the results of this check flight, the instructor then decides if the retrained pilot is capable of transitioning to a single-seat ULL.

6.5. For a two-digit ULL, the entire curriculum of retraining is completed.

6.6. Exercises 6/1, 6/5, 6/6, 6/7, 6/8 are completed for single-seat ULL.

6.7. Training curriculum of retraining to another type.

6.8. Terms of fulfillment:

The pilot is graded 1 to 2 for solo exercises.

TITLE 7. INSTRUCTOR QUALIFICATION TRAINING

7.1. Requirements for inclusion in training:

1) at least 21 years of age,
2) knowledge of the Czech language, spoken and written,
3) flown min. 200 hours on ULL, of which 75 hours on two-seat ULL as pilot-in-command,
4) practical experience on at least three types,
5) successful examination of theoretical knowledge,
6) successful completion of a check flight with the chief traffic inspector or an inspector authorized by him.
7) continuous pilot experience of 5 years

7.2. The training of the instructor is carried out by the traffic inspector in an instructor course led by the chief traffic inspector.

7.3. Syllabus of the instructor's theoretical training.

Theory of training lasting 6 hours. Own preparation for training, theory, practice, knowledge of the training curriculum.
Performing ground, pre-flight preparation and flight analysis. Analysis of student errors and their causes.
Pupil assessment - principles, scales. The human factor – its influence on the approach to the student and vice versa, stress and behavior in emergency situations. Administration – filling out training documentation.
Aerodynamics and Flight Mechanics 4 hours, Aviation Regulations and Procedures ULL 5 hours, Aviation Meteorology 5 hours, Building and Construction ULL 4 hours, Air Navigation 4 hours, Engines, Propellers, Instruments 5 hours, Connecting Regulations 1 hour, training methodology 4 hours, analysis of air accidents 4 hours.

7.4. Instructor training curriculum.

7.5. Terms of fulfillment:

7.5.1. Theoretical knowledge:

Demonstrate theoretical knowledge with an approved test and meet the required number of points.
Demonstrate before a three-member examination board appointed by the chief inspector of ULL operations the ability to teach aviation subjects and correctly explain the individual elements of piloting, noting possible errors and their consequences.

7.5.2. Practical skills:

Demonstrate mastery of all elements of piloting technique required for pilot qualification, but with a rating of 1 to 2, i.e. very good practical skills, before the Chief Operations Inspector. These skills must be demonstrated when piloting from the instructor's seat. In addition, he must demonstrate during the flight the ability to correctly qualify the piloting errors simulated by the traffic inspector and classify their severity in accordance with the rating scale.

TITLE 8. VFR CONTROLLED FLIGHT QUALIFICATION TRAINING

8.1. Requirements for inclusion in training:

1) a valid pilot's license or student after flying the training curriculum,
2) a valid air mobile service radio operator certificate.

8.2. The training is conducted by an instructor with VFR controlled flight qualifications.

8.3. Theoretical preparation in the minimum range of 4 hours:

1) Submission and termination of the flight plan,
2) work with AIP, NOTAM and maps,
3) the pilot's ability to obtain information for flight in controlled space,
4) radio correspondence practice for flight in controlled space,
5) procedures for setting the altimeter,
6) entering and exiting the CTR.

8.4. Pilot training syllabus for controlled VFR flights.

8.5. Terms of fulfillment:

Demonstrate the ability to independently obtain information for a flight in controlled space, file a flight plan, maintain a set track and altitude during flight and conduct radio correspondence following the instructions of the air traffic control service.

TITLE 9. TEST PILOT QUALIFICATION TRAINING

9.1. Requirements for inclusion in training:

1) at least 18 years of age,
2) flown at least 200 hours,
3) practical experience on at least ten types of ULL,
4) before starting the course, fly the training course with an operations inspector with a test pilot qualification.

9.2. Test Pilot Training Syllabus:

9.3. The training is carried out in the form of a course, led by the chief operation inspector, consisting of a theoretical and a practical part.

9.4. The theoretical part of the course in the scope of at least 8 hours:

1) inspection of the aircraft before the flight,
2) performances, stability, controllability, speeds, engines, propellers, center of gravity and center of gravity,
3) sequence of test flights,
4) flight protocol,
5) filling out the flight manual.

9.5. The practical part of the course includes the following conditions:

1) demonstration of the ability to perform a technical check before the flight,
2) demonstrating the ability to determine the center of gravity of the aircraft by weighing and calculating,
3) demonstration of the ability to systematically verify the properties and performance of ULL according to the individual requirements of the flight protocol on an unknown type without prior training,
4) demonstrating the ability to correctly evaluate the flight characteristics of the aircraft,
5) demonstration of the ability to propose structural changes and modifications to achieve the required ULL flight characteristics.

TITLE 10. TRAINING FOR ELEVATOR QUALIFICATION

10.1. Requirements for inclusion in training:

1) at least 18 years of age,
2) flown at least 100 hours,
3) retraining to the type with which the training will be carried out.

10.2. The training is carried out by a ULL operation inspector with a lift operator qualification.

10.3. Aerovleky is carried out with ULLs approved for this purpose.

10.4. The tow truck operation inspector is responsible for the sufficient length and suitability of the VPD for aerial tows during training.

10.5. During tow pilot training, the towed glider is piloted by a glider instructor.

10.6. Examination for qualification - ULL lifter is carried out by an operations inspector with a ULL lifter qualification and a glider inspector or examiner piloting the glider.

10.7. Training curriculum for the lift operator qualification.

10.8. Terms of fulfillment:

The pilot takes off with the glider to a height of 600 m AGL, horizontal flight for 2 min., descends with a vertical speed of 2 m/s to a height of 300 m AGL, steady horizontal flight, waits for the glider to turn off above the airport after the shutdown signal. After dropping the tow rope at the designated spot, the pilot makes a small circuit and lands. During the aerofoil, the speed does not fluctuate, the glider shuts down in the specified area and height.

TITLE 11. DROPPER QUALIFICATION TRAINING

11.1. Requirements for inclusion in training:

1) at least 18 years of age,
2) flown at least 100 hours,
3) retraining to the type with which the training will be carried out.

11.2. The training is carried out by a ULL traffic inspector with a dropper qualification.

11.3. Training is only carried out at ULLs that are approved for airdrops.

11.4. The examination for awarding the qualification is carried out by the relevant AeČR skydiving inspector based on theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The practical test is attended by a ULL operation inspector with a drop-off qualification.

11.5. Training syllabus for the qualification of a dropper.

11.6. Terms of fulfillment:

The pilot ascends to a height of 700 m AGL, throws the targeting ribbon and, according to its impact, carries out an attack and drops the parachutist at the specified height, who lands near the marked cross.

TITLE 12. ASSESSMENT AND TRAINING RECORDS

12.1. The instructor evaluates the student's knowledge and skills in writing in the student's personal sheet together with a record of the execution of individual exercises.

12.2. During double flights, the instructor evaluates the individual elements of piloting, which the student analyzes after the flight and evaluates the mistakes made by the student. The resulting grade for the year is recorded in the pupil's personal sheet.

12.3. During solo flights, the instructor monitors the student's flight and evaluates and analyzes all visible deviations after landing.

12.4. The theoretical preparation is evaluated on a "pass" or "fail" scale.

12.5. Practical training is evaluated on a four-level scale:

The final grade for the entire flight is given by the worst grade for the individual element of piloting, which the instructor awarded during the flight.

12.6. Elements assessed during practical training:

1) Pre-flight inspection – completeness, sequence.
2) Pilot actions – completeness, sequence.
3) Pitching, motor test.
4) Driving - method, speed, fluidity, overview of the freedom of space.
5) Control of steering freedom and rudder function.
6) Checking the area before take-off.
7) Maintaining direction during take-off and take-off.
8) Take-off to obtain a given rate of climb.
9) Elimination of wind drift.
10) Flight speed – compliance in all phases of flight.
11) Pitch – hovering of the aircraft in straight flight, swaying in turns.
12) Entering a turn - slip, slip, climb, descent, flight speed.
13) Turn maintenance - slip, slide, climb, descent, airspeed.
14) Ending a turn - ending in direction, slip, slide, climb, descent, flight speed.
15) Fall prevention.
16) Slip – speed and direction.
17) Emergency landing - maneuver, budget and landing with engine off.
18) Safety landing – area selection, area inspection, circuit and budget.
19) Correction of incorrect budget - long, short, float and bounce.
20) Speeds in modes – idling, cruising, maximum.
21) Size of rudder deflections – coordination and smoothness of steering interventions.
22) Circuit – compliance with height, size, shape and its repetition.
23) Inspection of the area before landing - marking, signalling, radio correspondence.
24) Budget – correctness of the estimate, necessity of motor descent correction.
25) Landing – approach speed, leveling height, leveling smoothness, speed and pitch of the aircraft during landing, landing on wheels or on three points.
26) Crosswind Landing.
27) Maintaining direction after landing.
28) Use of brakes.
29) Stopping the aircraft, cooling down and turning off the engine.

TITLE 13. TRAINING RELIEF

13.1. For glider and ultralight glider license holders, ULL training may be reduced. The ULL inspector will decide on the extent of the reduction based on an assessment of the applicant's knowledge and abilities.

13.2. The holder of a autogyrocraft, helicopter and MZK pilot's license must complete the entire ULL piloting technique syllabus. Navigation training may be waived.

13.3. An airplane pilot, a military pilot, a commercial pilot, a transport pilot, an ultralight motor glider pilot and a motor glider pilot can take a pilot test after retraining to type.

13.4. An airplane pilot or commercial pilot, transport pilot, military pilot, motor and ultralight motor glider pilot with an instructor rating can obtain a ULL instructor qualification after retraining to type and completing the instructor training curriculum. The training does not have to be carried out in an instructor course, but by an individual traffic inspector.

13.5. A pilot of aeroplanes, motor gliders and UL motor gliders can obtain a ULL instructor qualification in an instructor course, with a total flight time of 150 hours, of which 100 hours are ULL. Practical experience on at least three types of ULL.

13.6. Holders of a valid airplane and helicopter pilot's license will have the VFR flight qualification entered into their ULL pilot's license administratively by the LAA CR register. Holders of a valid TMG pilot's license upon presentation of a flight logbook in which they have confirmation of VFR ŘL qualification.

13.7. Holders of an aircraft pilot's license with qualifications for aerial tugs will have the ULL tow truck qualification entered by the LAA CR register into their ULL pilot's license after retraining to the type and having been tested according to
exercise 10/3P, which will be confirmed by the traffic inspector with the ULL forklift operator qualification in the personal sheet.

13.8. Holders of an airplane and helicopter pilot's license with parachute qualification will have the ULL parachuter qualification entered by the LAA CR register into the ULL license after retraining to type.

13.9. If the holder of another qualification is granted relief for the award of the ULL qualification:

The instructor keeps a personal sheet for all applicants from the beginning of the training, trains them with the rules of flying at ULL, and at the end they take the theoretical and practical test of a pilot or ULL instructor.

For the issuance of a pilot's license, the applicant submits a copy of the pilot's license with the required qualifications to the LAA CR register with a personal medical certificate.

TITLE 14. APPENDICES

14.1. Personal letter